ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
The relationship between adolescents' swimming self-efficacy and high-risk behaviors: a chain mediating model based on latent profile analysis.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Drowning is the leading cause of injury-related deaths among teenagers in our country. High-risk swimming behaviors show strong correlational linkage with adolescent drowning incidents. Methods: A survey was conducted with 3,239 teenagers with an average age of 12.73 ± 1.54. The swimming self-efficacy scale, water safety knowledge scale, water safety skills scale, and swimming high-risk behavior scale were used. The latent profile analysis was employed to explore differences in high-risk swimming behaviors across subgroups of swimming self-efficacy, and a chain mediation model was constructed. Results: The results indicate that swimming self-efficacy comprises four latent categories: fear-avoidant Swimmer (58.6%), Tentative Swimmer (20.7%), Assertive Swimmer (14.9%), and Overconfident Swimmer (5.8%). High-risk swimming behaviors increased sequentially across profiles (all Conclusion: The model indicates that adolescents exhibit group heterogeneity in swimming self-efficacy, which is characterized by a dual association with high-risk swimming behaviors: as self-efficacy increases, the frequency of high-risk behaviors also rises. However, groups with high swimming self-efficacy that are supported by water safety knowledge and skills can reduce the risk of injury due to their comprehensive safety preparedness. In contrast, excessive self-efficacy not grounded in cognitive and skill-based support is prone to inducing reckless risk-taking behavior. At the same time, a bias-corrected self-help method mediation analysis revealed that, within this mediation chain, the mediating effects of "Tentative swimmer" and "Assertive swimmer" were relatively weak. This suggests that the risk-mitigating effects of traditional, comprehensive water safety education-which relies on a chain of knowledge and skills-are very limited. Implementing stratified interventions targeting adolescents' swimming self-efficacy is a crucial measure for reducing the risk of drowning.
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