Trial reportBMC oral health2026
How does smoking affect the clinical performance of a universal adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions? -An 18-month randomized clinical trial.
Trial report in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04807465 (How Does Smoking Effect the Clinical Performance of a Universal Adhesive Used With Different Application Modes in Non Carious Cervical Lesions?), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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How Does Smoking Effect the Clinical Performance of a Universal Adhesive Used With Different Application Modes in Non Carious Cervical Lesions?
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSmoking has a great impact on oral health status of the patients. As universal adhesives have become a routine dental adhesive choice, understanding the potential impact of smoking on their clinical performance is crucial. This study aimed to determine the 18-month clinical performance of a universal adhesive used with different application modes in non-carious cervical lesions(NCCLs) of smokers and non-smokers.
methodsThis double-blind, randomized, split-mouth superiority clinical trial included 47 participants(24 non-smokers and 23 smokers) presenting with at least three NCCLs. A total of 228 NCCLs were categorized in line with the smoking status of the participants and universal adhesive(G-Premio BOND) application modes (Etch&Rinse[ER], Selective-Etch[SLE] or Self-Etch[SE]). Randomization was performed at the lesion level, such that within each participant, each non-carious cervical lesion was randomly assigned to one of the three adhesive application modes. Restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12 and 18-months using modified USPHS criteria and patient-reported hypersensitivity was assessed using a 0-10 visual analog scale(VAS) by two calibrated examiners blinded to group allocation. The primary outcome was retention. Secondary outcomes included marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, color match, postoperative sensitivity and patient-reported postoperative hypersensitivity(VAS). Data were analyzed using Cochran's Q, chi-square, Mann-Whitney-U and Kaplan-Meier tests(p < 0.05).
resultsAmong the non-smokers, one restoration from the SE and one from the ER group were lost, creating no significant difference regarding retention(p > 0.05). At 18-months, no difference was detected among the application modes within each group for all USPHS criteria(p > 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed no significant difference in 18-month retention between smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.59). Overall restoration success at 18 months was 100% in smokers and 99.1% in non-smokers (ER 97.5%, SLE 100%, SE 97.5%) Statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers were detected only for marginal discoloration at 6 months in the ER group and at 12 and 18 months in the SE group(p < 0.05). Both marginal discoloration and adaptation exhibited significant changes over time in both groups(p < 0.05). VAS scores for postoperative sensitivity were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers at all follow-ups(p < 0.05), except for the SE group(p > 0.05).
conclusionThe 18-month clinical performance of restorations was found to be similar regardless of the universal adhesive application mode. Smoking status primarily influenced marginal discoloration and patient-reported postoperative hypersensitivity. CLINICAL
trial registrationThe study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov retrospectively registered (protocol number NCT04807465) on 03.13.2021.
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