ReviewAAPS PharmSciTech2026
Engineering Next-generation Drug Delivery Systems Via 4-D Printing: A Paradigm Shift Toward Precision Medicine.
Review in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4-D) printed constructs have recently become clinically relevant platforms for customized and precise drug delivery due to their bio-programmability, bio-responsiveness, and spatiotemporal transformative potential. The 4-DP bio-constructs are highly bio-interactive and dynamically evolving as per therapeutic requisite. In this review, we aim to provide a detailed discourse on the key mechanisms that drive 4-D transformations of a broad spectrum of materials-ranging from shape-memory (SM) systems, liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs), self-healing and multi-responsive polymers, metamaterials, and select bio-derived materials. The review also summarizes various conventional and advanced additive manufacturing strategies that have been employed for 4-DP of various bio-constructs. Contemporary representatives of various 4-DP drug delivery devices such as smart hydrogels and scaffolds, implants, stents, prosthetics, microneedles, responsive biomedical devices, and dynamic organ- and tumor-on-chip platforms have also been highlighted. Characterization methodologies, preclinical considerations, translational challenges, and the evolving patent and industrial landscape have also been recapitulated. The review also intends to provide critical perspectives on the expanding horizons and translational glitches of 4-DP while elucidating the key bottlenecks to its commercial large-scale integration and clinical translation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42697997What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.