ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026
Gut microbiota profiles and potential biomarkers in pre-pubertal females with ADHD.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with significant sex differences in diagnostic rates; males being diagnosed more frequently than females. Gut microbiota alterations may contribute to ADHD via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, previous microbiota studies have predominantly used male or mixed-gender samples, neglecting females with distinct clinical and hormonal profiles. The pre-pubertal period is critical for both neurodevelopment and microbiota maturation. This study investigates gut microbiota characteristics in pre-pubertal females with ADHD to identify sex-specific biomarkers and candidate targets for future investigation. Aim of the study: This study aimed to characterize gut microbiota profiles in pre-pubertal females with ADHD using 16S rRNA sequencing, and to identify differentially abundant taxa and potential biomarkers through LEfSe and MetagenomeSeq analyses. Methods and materials: Pre-pubertal female ADHD patients (DSM-5 diagnosed, drug-naïve) were recruited from Quzhou Third Hospital. Fecal DNA was extracted, the 16S rRNA gene amplified by PCR, and libraries sequenced on the Revio platform. Bioinformatics analysis included diversity assessment and differential abundance analysis using MetagenomeSeq and LEfSe methods. Results: Alpha-diversity analysis revealed reduced community evenness (lower Shannon and Simpson indices) but preserved species richness (comparable Chao1) in the ADHD group. Beta-diversity analysis showed significant group differences for both Weighted and Unweighted UniFrac (PERMANOVA, Conclusion: Pre-pubertal females with ADHD exhibited reduced gut bacterial evenness with preserved richness, characterized by higher
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