Using the behavior change wheel (BCW) framework for health interventions focusing on diet and physical activity in the workplace: a scoping review.

Background: The Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) offers a systematic approach for developing health promotion programs. Despite the importance of diet and physical activity programs in the workplace setting, the application of the BCW in developing these programs has not yet been examined. This scoping review aimed to identify and characterize workplace health promotion programs that target diet and physical activity, utilizing the BCW framework in their development. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases in February 2024 and updated in January 2025 and further updated in June 2026. Studies were included if they reported workplace interventions targeting diet and/or physical activity behavior among workers using the BCW framework. Data on study characteristics, BCW implementation, identified Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) domains, and Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs), as well as implementation outcomes, were extracted. Results: Thirteen studies, published across 34 papers, were identified, with the majority conducted in the UK and targeting office workers. Seven studies directly targeted diet and physical activity, while six addressed sedentary behaviors. Eight studies applied the BCW systematically and prospectively, four showed partial application, and one reflected nominal application. Knowledge was the most frequently identified TDF domain across all studies, and self-monitoring was the most frequently identified BCT. Eight studies progressed to pilot or feasibility trials ranging from 8 weeks to 12 months, with retention rates ranging from 69% to 100%, suggesting good acceptability and feasibility once participants were enrolled. However, intervention fidelity and sustainability were rarely reported, and alignment with the organization's mission was not reported in any study, limiting conclusions about the long-term and organizational success of these interventions. Conclusion: BCW provides structured guidance for developing health promotion programs in workplaces, with acceptable short-term retention rates among enrolled participants. However, future research needs to address its application in more diverse populations and workplace settings and give more attention to intervention fidelity, sustainability, and organizational alignment. Systematic review registration: https://osf.io/24hse, identifier: 24hse.