ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2026
Standard Versus Arm-Length-Normalized Conditions for Assessment of the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test in Healthy Youth Athletes.
Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Criterion-based assessment of shoulder function includes screenings, such as the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), to help identify deficits in stability, neuromuscular control, and proprioception. However, normative performance for the CKCUEST has been predominantly established in elite and collegiate athletes, and it has been shown that arm length, sex, and weight may influence performance. Purpose: To compare performance and establish agreement between standard versus arm-length-normalized testing positions in adolescent athletes and establish population-specific reference values. Study Design: Cross Sectional. Methods: Healthy athletes (ages 14-18 years) recruited from local teams, clubs, and youth sports organizations performed two conditions of the CKCUEST, standard and arm-length-normalized. Performance differences were evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with effect sizes ( Results: One hundred fifty-four athletes (120 male, 16.5±1.2 years, 75.8±18.0 kg) participating in baseball, football, lacrosse, volleyball, basketball, water polo, and tennis were included for analysis. Performance was greater on the arm-length-normalized condition (standard: 23.0±5.8 taps; normalized: 23.9±5.5 taps, Conclusion: Performance on the arm-length-normalized condition was greater than performance at the standard distance condition in healthy adolescent athletes. The influence of arm length, body mass, and sport type suggests the arm-length-normalized condition is more suitable for assessment and differences between sport types highlights the importance of population-specific measures and reference values. Level of Evidence: 3.
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