ReviewToxicological research2026
Current and emerging new approach & methodologies for skin hazard assessment.
Review in Toxicological research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The animal tests including Rabbit Draize test and Guinea Pig Maximization Test have served as the standard tests to evaluate skin hazards for decades but they face limitations due to poor concordance with human responses and ethical concerns. Recently, global regulatory shifts, such as the FDA Modernization Act 3.0, are accelerating the paradigm shift toward non-animal New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Consequently, the establishment of novel test platforms capable of precisely mimicking the human physiological environment beyond simple 2D human cell models and standardized 3D Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RhE) has emerged as an essential challenge. This review summarizes current standard non-animal test methods to evaluate skin irritation/corrosion, sensitization, and phototoxicity, and comprehensively and systemically classified new technology trends-organoids, skin-on-a-chip and in silico-by major skin hazard endpoints. Furthermore, we analyzed the opportunities and challenges in the regulatory acceptance of these technologies, in an effort to provide an insight into the direction for future skin hazard evaluation. Graphical Abstract:
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.