ArticleRheumatology (Oxford, England)2026
Inflammaging reshapes the immune ecosystem in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis.
Article in Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesIgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) predominantly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals; however, the impact of ageing on lesional immune architecture remains poorly understood.
methodsBulk transcriptomic analyses were performed using IgG4-RD lesion tissues across a broad age spectrum. Age-associated genes, Hallmark pathways and immune/stromal module scores were evaluated using correlation-based analyses, network analysis and fibrosis pseudo-staging.
resultsPrincipal component analysis demonstrated age-associated transcriptomic shifts in IgG4-RD lesions. Ageing was associated with increased expression of cytotoxic/exhaustion-related genes, including IFNG, GZMA, GZMH and PRDM1, together with activation of inflammaging- and senescence-associated programs. Module analysis demonstrated positive correlations between age and fibroblast, exhaustion, macrophage/M2, fibrosis-associated macrophage (FAM), inflammaging and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) signatures, whereas germinal-centre B cell programs showed minimal association with age. Hallmark pathway analysis revealed enrichment of interferon-γ response, IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling, TNFα/NFκB signalling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TGF-β signalling in ageing lesions. Network analysis demonstrated segregation between adaptive immune modules and ageing-associated fibro-inflammatory modules. Advanced fibrosis pseudo-stages were enriched in older patients.
conclusionsAgeing in IgG4-RD was associated with coordinated immune ecosystem remodelling characterized by inflammaging, exhaustion-associated immune programs, stromal activation and relative reduction in the prominence of adaptive germinal-centre immunity. These findings suggest that ageing-associated immune remodelling may contribute to chronic fibro-inflammatory disease evolution in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis.
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