ArticleScientific reports2026
Global transmission pathways and adaptive molecular evolution of avian infectious bronchitis GI-23 (Variant 2).
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes significant losses in commercial poultry egg and meat production. Since its first emergence, the genotype GI-23 (Variant 2) has progressively increased its geographical distribution, shown a significant virulence, and challenged the vaccine efficacy. Global viral transmission could be attributed to multiple factors including human related activities such as poultry and vaccine trades while other contributing factors such as the role of wild birds cannot be neglected. Therefore, A total 260 full S1 GI-23 sequences were obtained from Genebank, structured and intensively analyzed. The recombination analyses were conducted using RDP5 and GARD on the total dataset to identify the possible recombinant events. The recombinant-free dataset (214 sequences) was phylogeographically analyzed using BEAST 1.10, then selection pressure analyses to identify the possible migration routes and selection pressure markers, respectively. Recombination analyses showed multiple internal recombination events in 17.6% of the sequences. Phylogeographic analysis suggested Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (i.e., particularly Poland and Romania) as likely sources of American GI-23-like virus outbreaks. Interestingly, the selection pressure analyses indicated positive selection signals, identifying five codons in some previously distinguished critical positions such as 61, 94, 119, 127, and 197. The virus extended geographical spread as well as molecular evolution through recombination and positive selection in the spike gene poses a major concern for increased adaptation and enhanced pathogenicity in susceptible domesticated and probably wild birds. Further studies on the impact of both recombination events and the identified positive selection codons are highly recommended to elucidate the molecular evolution mechanisms of IBV GI-23.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.