ArticleCell2026
Sexual dimorphism in the complete Drosophila male central nervous system connectome.
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30 citing papers in PubMed.
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- A Tale of Two States: Similarities and Differences in Neuropeptide Signaling in Larval and Adult Drosophila.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2026Review
- Convergent olfactory circuits for courtship in Drosophila revealed by the circuit-tracing tool ds-Tango.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
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- Sexually Dimorphic Visual Processing in the Yellow-Fever Mosquito,bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cellular and functional dissection of the octopaminergic and tyraminergic system in the Drosophila brain.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Hunger states modulate aggression via opposing dopamine pathways.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Population morphology implies a common developmental blueprint for Drosophila motion detectors.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Uncovering Sex Differences in thebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Octopamine regulates neural circuits in the mushroom body and central complex, influencing sleep and arousal.iScience · 2026Article
- Connectome simulations identify a central pattern generator circuit for fly walking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fruitless produces diverse neuronal sex differences by editing lineage-programmed chromatin landscapes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The digital sphinx: Can a worm brain control a fly body?bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Recent social experience alters song behavior in Drosophila.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Segmentally repeated ventral nerve cord circuits drive different leg rubbing behaviors iniScience · 2026Article
- Glutamate receptor composition atbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Differential neuronal survival defines a novel axis of sexual dimorphism in the Drosophila brain.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- Strain variation identifies a neural substrate for behavioral evolution in Drosophila.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Sequencing of distinct wing behaviors during Drosophila courtship.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Organization and evolution of sex-biased gene expression inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
111 authors.
Stuart BergJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. Electronic address: bergs@janelia.hhmi.org.
Isabella R BeckettNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Marta CostaDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Philipp SchlegelNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Michał JanuszewskiGoogle Research, Google LLC, 8004 Zürich, Switzerland.
Elizabeth C MarinDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Aljoscha NernJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Stephan PreibischJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Wei QiuJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Shin-Ya TakemuraJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Alexandra M C FragniereDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Andrew S ChampionNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Diane-Yayra AdjavonJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Michael CookJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Marina GkantiaDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Kenneth J HayworthJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Gary B HuangJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
William T KatzJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Florian KämpfNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Zhiyuan LuJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Christopher OrdishJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Tyler PatersonJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Tomke StürnerNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Eric T TrautmanJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Catherine R WhittleNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Laura E BurnettJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Judith HoellerJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Feng LiJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Frank LoescheJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Billy J MorrisDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Tobias PietzschJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Markus W PleijzierNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Valeria SilvaCentre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.
Yijie YinDepartment of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
Iris AliJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Griffin BadalamenteDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Alexander Shakeel BatesCentre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Rory J BeresfordChampalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
John BogovicJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Paul BrooksDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Sebastian CacheroNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Brandon S CaninoJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Bhumpanya ChaisrisawatsukNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Jody ClementsJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Arthur CroweJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Inês de Haan VicenteChampalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
Georgia DempseyCentre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.
Erika DonàInstitute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy; Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
Márcia Dos SantosDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Marisa DreherJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Christopher R DunneDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Katharina EichlerDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Samantha Finley-MayJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Miriam A FlynnJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Imran HameedJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Gary Patrick HopkinsJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Philip M HubbardJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Ladann KiassatDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Julie KovalyakJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Shirley A LauchieJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Meghan LeonardJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Alanna LohffJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Kit D LongdenJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Charli A MaldonadoJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Ilina MoitraDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Sung Soo MoonDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Caroline MooneyJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Eva J MunnellyDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Nneoma OkeomaJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Donald J OlbrisJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Anika PaiDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Birava PatelJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Emily M PhillipsJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Stephen M PlazaJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Alana RichardsDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
Jennifer Rivas SalinasJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Ruairí J V RobertsAelysia Ltd., Bristol BS9 3BY, UK.
Edward M RogersJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Ashley L ScottJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Louis A ScuderiJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Pavithraa SeenivasanJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Laia Serratosa CapdevilaAelysia Ltd., Bristol BS9 3BY, UK.
Claire SmithJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Rob SvirskasJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Satoko TakemuraJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Ibrahim TastekinChampalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
Alexander ThomsonJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Lowell UmayamJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
John J WalshJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Holly WhittomeDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK.
C Shan XuJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Emily A YakalJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Tansy YangJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Arthur ZhaoJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Reed GeorgeJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Viren JainGoogle Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Vivek JayaramanJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Wyatt KorffJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Geoffrey W MeissnerJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Sandro RomaniJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Jan FunkeJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Christopher KnechtJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Stephan SaalfeldJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Louis K SchefferJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Scott WaddellCentre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.
Gwyneth M CardJanelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Carlos RibeiroChampalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
Michael B ReiserJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Harald F HessJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
Gerald M RubinJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. Electronic address: rubing@janelia.hhmi.org.
Gregory S X E JefferisNeurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 3EJ, UK; Janelia FlyEM Project Team, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. Electronic address: jefferis@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences in behavior exist across all animals, typically under strong genetic regulation. In Drosophila, fruitless/doublesex transcription factors identify dimorphic neurons, but their organization into functional circuits remains unclear. We present the connectome of the entire Drosophila male central nervous system. This contains 166,700 neurons spanning the brain and nerve cord, fully proofread and annotated, including fruitless/doublesex expression and 11,710 neuron types. We provide the first comprehensive comparison between male and female brain connectomes to synaptic resolution, finding 8,069 isomorphic, 138 dimorphic, 289 male-specific, and 71 female-specific types. This resource enables analysis of full sensory-to-motor circuits underlying complex behaviors and the impact of dimorphic elements. Sex-specific/dimorphic neurons are concentrated in higher brain centers, while the sensory and motor periphery is largely isomorphic. Within higher centers, male-specific connections are organized into hotspots defined by male-specific neurons or arbors. Dimorphic neurons reroute information across sexes.
Indexed as
Central Nervous SystemConnectomeDrosophila melanogasterSex CharacteristicsAnimalsBrainDNA-Binding ProteinsDrosophila ProteinsFemaleMaleNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuronsTranscription FactorsDNA-Binding ProteinsDrosophila Proteinsfru protein, DrosophilaNerve Tissue ProteinsTranscription Factorscentral nervous systemconnectomedimorphic circuitsDrosophilaneural circuitssex differences
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PMID
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