ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2026
A Dual Prediction Error Populations Model of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Bridging NMDA Hypofunction and Gain Hyperfunction.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and hypothesisSchizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) span heterogeneous clinical states, from rapidly fluctuating psychosis to rigid, systematized delusions.1 NMDA receptor hypofunction on inhibitory interneurons,2-4 dopaminergic dysregulation,5 and abnormalities of volatility estimation6-10 or precision weighting11-13 have all been implicated, yet a framework linking these mechanisms to spectrum-level heterogeneity remains incomplete. STUDY
designWe developed a biologically plausible predictive-coding model with separable positive and negative prediction error (PE) populations. For clarity, the main text presents a one-dimensional linear Kalman filter. STUDY
resultsNMDA hypofunction selectively weakened negative PE, thereby reducing disconfirmatory updating and biasing inference toward prior-consistent interpretations. Gain hyperfunction amplified precision-weighted updating and produced observation-dominated instability. Their interaction reproduced attenuated mismatch responses, reduced illusion susceptibility, and a bias-volatility plane spanning rigid and unstable delusional dynamics.
conclusionsThe model suggests that SSD heterogeneity can be understood as an interaction between sign-selective bias and abnormal precision weighting. This offers a circuit-to-symptom framework and motivates stratification by the asymmetry and overall gain of PE responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.