Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42690869›Full record

ArticleThe Indian journal of medical research2026

Effects of 5G frequencies on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes in rats.

Atikah Hairulazam, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Khairul Osman, Mohd Helmy Mokhtar, Aini Farzana Zulkefli, Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros, Norazurashima Jamaludin, Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha, Sivasatyan Vijay, Zahriladha Zakaria and 2 more

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Article in The Indian journal of medical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Atikah HairulazamDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Siti Fatimah IbrahimDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Khairul OsmanForensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mohd Helmy MokhtarDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Aini Farzana ZulkefliDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mohd Farisyam Mat RosDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Norazurashima JamaludinForensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed TahaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Sivasatyan VijayDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Zahriladha ZakariaFaculty of Electronics and Computer Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia.
Amyrul Azuan Mohd BaharIntel Corporation, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Farah Hanan Fathihah JaffarDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and objectives The advancement of 5G technology is highly anticipated due to its faster data transmission, yet its potential impact on male fertility remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of 5G frequencies at 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes. Methods A total of 18 male Sprague Dawley rats (n=18) were divided into three groups: a Control group, a 3.5 GHz group, and a 24 GHz group (n=6). The Control group was sham-exposed. In contrast, the 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz groups were exposed to their respective frequencies for 7 h daily over 60 d. Following 46 d of exposure, a 1:1 mating procedure was conducted. Female rats (n=18) were monitored until gestation d 28 to assess pregnancy rates and birth metrics. Later, the male rats were sacrificed, and sperm quality was evaluated. Results Both exposed groups exhibited a significant decrease in sperm concentration and motility (P<0.001) compared to the Control group. The 24 GHz group had a lower pregnancy rate, whereas the 3.5 GHz group showed a lower live birth rate. Congenital anomalies were observed in the 3.5 GHz group, whereas the 24 GHz group presented significantly lower birth weights (P< 0.001). Interpretation and conclusions The findings suggest prolonged exposure to 5G frequencies may have a negative impact on male fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and the birth metrics.

Indexed as

FertilitySpermatozoaAnimalsFemaleMalePregnancyPregnancy RateRatsRats, Sprague-DawleySperm CountSperm MotilityElectromagnetic fieldsFertilityPregnancy ratesSemen analysisWireless technology

Identifiers

PMID42690869
PMCPMC13541190

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