ArticlePediatric radiology2026
Development and validation of a novel three-dimensional patient-specific pediatric brain phantom for computed tomography neuroimaging research.
Article in Pediatric radiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPediatric head computed tomography (CT) is widely used for urgent neuroimaging, but children's higher radiosensitivity makes protocol optimization and quantitative validation essential. Many available phantoms lack patient-specific pediatric anatomy and realistic brain-mimicking attenuation, limiting their relevance for neuro-CT research and benchmarking.
objectiveTo develop and validate a CT-derived, patient-specific pediatric brain phantom that preserves anatomically faithful geometry and reproduces brain-mimicking soft-tissue attenuation with physics-validated energy dependence. MATERIALS AND
methodsA fully anonymized head CT of a 5-year-old child was segmented in 3-D Slicer, exported to standard tessellation language (STL), and partitioned into hemispheres. A polylactic acid (PLA) master was three-dimensional (D)-printed to fabricate a reinforced silicone mold. A homogeneous brain-mimicking soft-tissue surrogate was produced by modifying an epoxy system with acetone. The assembled phantom was scanned at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kilovolt peak (kVp). Region of interest (ROI)-based CT numbers were measured across both hemispheres. Computational attenuation verification was performed using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) Monte Carlo simulations with a mono-energetic transmission method over 15-150 kiloelectronvolt (keV) and compared with PhyX-Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PhyX-PSD) and National Institute of Standards and Technology XCOM database (NIST/XCOM) reference.
resultsThe fabricated phantom preserved the main bilateral morphology and retained 96.85% of the original patient-derived brain volume, with volumes of 1,129.15 cm
conclusionsThis work establishes the feasibility of producing a 3-D patient-specific pediatric brain component with preserved geometry and clinically relevant bulk CT attenuation, providing a methodological basis for subsequent integration of the skull and other structures into a modular complete-head phantom.
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