ArticleJournal of dental sciences2026
Comparative in vivo study of 3D-printed composite bioceramic scaffolds fabricated by distinct pre-processing methods.
Article in Journal of dental sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Background/purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo osteoinductive potential and biocompatibility of three-dimensional (3D) printed bone substitutes composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-based bioceramic composites of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), fabricated using distinct pre-processing methods. Materials and methods: Pure PLA, thermally blended PLA/HA/β-TCP, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent-cast PLA/HA/β-TCP (7:3w/w) were first processed into 1.75 mm filaments and subsequently fabricated into scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM). These scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed at 2 and 4 weeks, as per ISO 10993-6, to evaluate inflammation, fibrous capsule formation, and osteogenic potential. Results: Semi-quantitative scoring revealed that T-MIX (tetrahydrofuran solvent-cast composite) had the lowest inflammatory scores at both 2 and 4 weeks, which were significantly lower than those of H-MIX (heat-blended composite) ( Conclusion: The solvent-cast T-MIX scaffold demonstrated significantly reduced inflammatory responses and enhanced osteogenic marker expression compared to both pure PLA and heat-blended composites, positioning it as a promising and standardized candidate for 3D-printed, patient-specific bone grafts in dental and craniofacial applications.
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