Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42688553›Full record

ArticleEpilepsy currents2026

Neuromodulation in Pediatric Epilepsy: When All Is Not About Resection-A Review.

Juan Toro Perez, Kathryn Lalor, Monika Jones, Ahmed Abdelmoity, Kimberly Houck, Aria Fallah, Saadi Ghatan, Syed Anwar, Eisha Christian, Daniel San Juan Orta and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Epilepsy currents, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Juan Toro PerezChildren's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0195-6966
Kathryn LalorChildren's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-8458
Monika JonesPediatric Epilepsy Surgery Alliance, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ahmed AbdelmoityChildren's Mercy, University of Missouri University Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
Kimberly HouckTexas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Aria FallahMattel Children's Hospital, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Saadi GhatanDepartment of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
Syed AnwarChildren's National Medical Center, George Washington University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-3959
Eisha ChristianHospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Daniel San Juan OrtaEpilepsy Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
Shilpa ReddyMonroe Carroll Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-773X
Inna HughesGolisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
Sarah A KelleyJohns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nearly 1% of the global population suffers from epilepsy. There are over 65 million people worldwide with epilepsy and approximately 10.5 million of those are children. One third of these people have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Neuromodulation is an adjunct treatment option for these patients. This manuscript aims to describe the history, patient/parent perspective, current use, and future directions of neuromodulation in the management of pediatric DRE. We conducted a nonsystematic search of the literature through different databases as part of the Pediatric State of The Art Symposium at the 2025 American Epilepsy Society meeting in Atlanta. Three neuromodulation therapies, all using implanted devices and electrodes, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat DRE, namely, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) (1997 and lately 2017), deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS) in 2018 (2010 in Europe), and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) in 2013. Only VNS is approved in pediatric patients. Emerging noninvasive neuromodulation modalities such as noninvasive VNS and transcranial magnetic stimulation showed mild adverse effects and exhibit the most encouraging seizure and neurocognitive outcomes to date, but larger multicenter studies are essential before these modalities can be offered and integrated into standard pediatric epilepsy care.

Indexed as

drug-resistant epilepsyepilepsy surgeryneuromodulationpediatric neuromodulationpresurgical evaluation

Identifiers

PMID42688553
PMCPMC13534356

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.