ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Assessing the health outcomes, productivity gains, and budget impact of anti-PD-(L)1's in the early stages of cancer treatment in Greece.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Health Impact of Using Anti-PD-1 Agents to Treat Early-Stage Cancer in Belgium.Oncology and therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing both globally and in Greece. The aim of this study was to quantify the health benefits and budget impact of including anti-PD-(L)1's in three early-stage cancer indications, adjuvant melanoma stage IIB/C and III, adjuvant renal cell carcinoma, and perioperative triple-negative breast cancer. Methods: A Markov model approach was used to predict clinical outcomes and costs throughout the average patient pathway over a 10-year time horizon. The model includes two scenarios: (1) using anti-PD-(L)1's for patients with early-stage and metastatic disease (ESD scenario) versus (2) treatment with the previous standard of care in the early-stage and anti-PD-(L)1's only in the metastatic disease setting (reference scenario). Estimated outcomes include life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), events or recurrences, productive LYs lost for patients and caregivers, active treatments administered for metastatic disease, deaths, and costs. The model inputs included efficacy data from clinical trials, Greek data on market shares, projected eligible patients, and the respective costs. Results: Results indicate the following in the ESD scenario: a reduction of 1,722 (25%) recurrences, 881 (24%) deaths, an increase of 5,555 (11%) LYs without recurrence, an increase of productive LYs by 901 (16%) and 2,363 QALYs gained (4%), and a decrease of 1,782 (27%) in active treatments for the metastatic disease setting. The average incremental budget impact per patient per annum was €31,853 throughout the 10-year time horizon of the model from 2023 to 2032. Conclusion: Results indicate that adjuvant/perioperative treatments could provide a significant benefit to patients with cancer, with a manageable additional cost for the healthcare system. The estimations of the model demonstrate a strong call to action for policymakers to enhance access to innovative treatments, since benefits arise for patients, their caregivers, and society as a whole through increased productivity gains.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.