Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42687276›Full record

ArticleACS sensors2026

Microneedle-Based Continuous Levodopa Monitoring in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Maria Reynoso, Chochanon Moonla, Katherine Longardner, Nuenghathai Chaiya, Stacey Surace, An-Yi Chang, Tamoghna Saha, Umair Mahmood, Muhammad Khan, Michael Skipworth and 7 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in ACS sensors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Maria ReynosoAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Chochanon MoonlaAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-5885-1244
Katherine LongardnerDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Nuenghathai ChaiyaAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Stacey SuraceShu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
An-Yi ChangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Tamoghna SahaAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Umair MahmoodShu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Muhammad KhanAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Michael SkipworthDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Ian McGregorAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Ava Van DammeShu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Lidia F VazquezShu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Eshita ShahDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Hao LuanAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Irene LitvanDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.
Joseph WangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4921-9674

Funding

CTSA UM1 Program at University of California San Diego Altman Clinical and Translational Research InstituteUM1TR005449 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Michael A Hogarth, David Mitchell Smith · 2025 to 2026
$20.6M
National Research Council of Thailand N41A650115NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR005449NCATS NIH HHS UM1TR005449
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Optimal levodopa (L-Dopa) dosing for the personal management of Parkinson's disease represents a major clinical challenge due to L-Dopa's narrow therapeutic window and inter- and intra-patient absorption variability. Current methods for measuring L-Dopa, relying on repeated blood draws for centralized laboratory measurements, fall short of capturing dynamic L-Dopa fluctuations that are relevant for timely interventions. Here, we present a minimally invasive microneedle (MN)-based wearable biosensor for continuous monitoring of L-Dopa (CDM) in human subjects. The MN biosensor platform relies on a tyrosinase-functionalized working electrode for detecting L-Dopa in interstitial fluid (ISF) through enzymatic electrochemical detection. The device was evaluated in healthy volunteers and participants with Parkinson's disease in clinical settings, illustrating its ability to provide actionable temporal insights. Critical validation of the MN biosensor was carried out by comparing the ISF L-Dopa signals with plasma L-Dopa concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using subject-specific calibration and lag-time correction, the ISF-derived drug profiles showed a close correlation with plasma L-Dopa pharmacokinetics, with a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of 9.64%. An inverse correlation between the L-Dopa pharmacokinetics and the corresponding motor performance was observed. Such pioneering demonstration of the clinical feasibility of MN-based CDM in humans highlights its considerable potential for supporting the management of Parkinson's disease.

Indexed as

Antiparkinson AgentsBiosensing TechniquesDrug MonitoringLevodopaNeedlesParkinson DiseaseElectrochemical TechniquesFemaleHumansMaleMonophenol MonooxygenaseWearable Electronic DevicesAntiparkinson AgentsLevodopaMonophenol Monooxygenasecontinuous monitoringenzymatic electrochemical detectionlevodopamicroneedlesParkinson’s diseasewearable biosensor

Identifiers

PMID42687276
PMCPMC13588623

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.