ArticleNature2026
Robust inference and correlates from genetic associations with personality.
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Article in Nature, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
141 authors.
Ted SchwabaDepartment of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. tedschwaba@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-5386
Margaret L Clapp SullivanDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-1529
Wonuola A AkingbuwaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8205-0807
Kerli IlvesInstitute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-1236
Peter T TanksleyALERRT Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2838
Camille M WilliamsLaboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France.
Yavor DragostinovDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Travis T MallardCenter for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3001
Justin D TubbsCenter for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6671-6816
Wangjingyi LiaoSchool of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Lindsay S AckermanDepartment of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Josephine C M FealyDepartment of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Gibran HemaniMedical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-1055
Javier de la FuenteDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
George Davey SmithMedical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314
Priya GuptaYale University, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, CT, USA.
Murray B SteinUniversity of California San Diego, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Joel GelernterYale University, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
Daniel F LeveyYale University, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9569
Urmo VõsaInstitute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Liisi AusmeesInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-2639
Anu RealoInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Estonian Biobank Research Team
Mariliis VahtInstitute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Jüri AllikDepartment of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Tõnu EskoInstitute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
René MõttusInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Uku VainikInstitute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Gudrun A JonsdottirdeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Gudmar ThorleifssondeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Árni Freyr GunnarssondeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Gyda BjornsdottirdeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-0306
Thorgeir E ThorgeirssondeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5149-7040
Hreinn StefanssondeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9331-6666
Kari StefanssondeCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Rosa CheesmanPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-0402
Qi QinPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Elizabeth C CorfieldMedical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-157X
Helga AskPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-5319
Fartein Ask TorvikPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-5978
Eivind YstromPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-6171
Martin TesliDepartment of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Dorret I BoomsmaDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-7972
Eco J C de GeusDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-2666
Jouke-Jan HottengaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dener Cardoso MeloInterdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-8098
Harold SniederEpidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-2298
Catharina A HartmanDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859
Charley XiaDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-9351
Archie CampbellCentre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0198-5078
Michelle LucianoDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-3008
Ian J DearyDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-263X
W David HillDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Seon-Kyeong JangDepartment of Computational Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Scott I VriezeDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Gonçalo AbecasisRegeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
Michelle K LuptonQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Brittany L MitchellQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-1516
Petra V ViherQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Lucía Colodro-CondeQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-364X
Nicholas G MartinQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Sarah E MedlandQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Eske M DerksQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Briar WormingtonQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1645-6307
Jaakko KaprioInstitute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2455
Karri SilventoinenPopulation Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-3079
Teemu PalviainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-8384
Agnieszka MusialSchool of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Kaili RimfeldDepartment of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5139-065X
Robert PlominSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-3629
Margherita MalanchiniStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-6119
Danielle M DickRutgers Addiction Research Center, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Fazil AlievDepartment of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
COGA Collaborators
Spit for Science Working Group
Laura W WesseldijkDepartment of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Fredrik UllénDepartment of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Miriam A MosingDepartment of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-125X
Henry R KranzlerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Yaira NunezDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Sarah BeckDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4176-2936
Renato PolimantiDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6046
Tobias EdwardsDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-0156-4484
Alexandros GiannelisDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-0336
Emily A WilloughbyDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
James J LeeDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-5128
Matt McGueDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-1433
Antonio TerraccianoDepartment of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-8885
Michele MarongiuInstitute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-9815
Edoardo FiorilloInstitute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8690-4988
Francesco CuccaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University Study of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-1995
Angelina R SutinDepartment of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
Peter J van der MostEpidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-3518
Albertine J OldehinkelInterdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-3913
Tina KretschmerPedagogical Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Andrey A ShabalinHuntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Anna R DochertyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7139-7007
Robert F KruegerDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Colin D FreilichDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-7520
Binisha H MishraDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Terho LehtimäkiDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2555-4427
Olli T RaitakariDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Mika KähönenFinnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Aino SaarinenFaculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Henrik DobewallFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-2138
Liisa Keltikangas-JärvinenFaculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Klaus BergerInstitute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Marisol Herrera-RiveroInstitute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-9487
Fabian StreitHector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-4339
Swapnil AwasthiDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Stephanie H WittDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-1468
Johanna TuhkanenDepartment of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Katri RäikkönenDepartment of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Johan G ErikssonDepartment of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-2060
Jari LahtiDepartment of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-5297
Gail DaviesLothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1120-7026
Paul RedmondLothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Adele TaylorLothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Janie CorleyLothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Tom C RussAlzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-2188
Marina CiulloInstitute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-9984
Teresa NutileInstitute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-8352
Jun DingTranslational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yong QianTranslational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Toshiko TanakaTranslational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Luigi FerrucciTranslational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6273-1613
Lea ZillichDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-374X
Lea SirignanoDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
K Paige HardenDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-6737
Erhan GençDepartment of Psychology and Neurosciences, Neuroimaging and Interindividual Differences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
Patrick D GajewskiDepartment of Ergonomics, Networking Group Aging, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8240-1702
Stephan GetzmannDepartment of Ergonomics, Networking Group Aging, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
Christoph FraenzDepartment of Psychology and Neurosciences, Neuroimaging and Interindividual Differences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
Javier E Schneider PeñateDepartment of Psychology, Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Stefanie LisDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8051-2756
Alisha S M HallDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-6663
Christian SchmahlDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
Sabine C HerpertzDepartment of Psychosomatic General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Abdel AbdellaouiDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-6784
Michel G Nivard *Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. m.g.nivard@bristol.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1888
Elliot M Tucker-Drob *Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. tuckerdrob@utexas.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-6237
Funding
Dissecting the Multivariate Genetic Architecture of Psychiatric DiseasesR01MH120219 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI NIVARD, MICHEL GUILLAUME, TUCKER-DROB, ELLIOT MAX · 2020 to 2024
$3.3MLarge-Scale Genomic Analysis of Aging-Related Cognitive Change Prior to Dementia OnsetR01AG073593 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI TUCKER-DROB, ELLIOT MAX · 2024 to 2025
$1.3MIntegrating genomics and EHR to accelerate precision psychiatryK01MH141330 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Justin Tubbs · 2025 to 2026
$365kNIA NIH HHS R01 AG073593NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH141330NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120219
Abstract
Personality traits describe stable differences in how people think, feel and behave, and how they interact with and experience their social and physical environments
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.