ArticleScientific reports2026
Effects of E-cigarette and tobacco use on heart rate variability: a case-control study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
This study aims to examine heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, hemodynamic parameters, and serum cotinine levels difference across the following groups: tobacco smokers, e-cigarette users and non-smokers. This study explicitly examined healthy people. Ninety healthy volunteers, aged between 18 and 45, were enrolled in the study. Participants were divided into three groups of thirty each: e-cigarette users, tobacco smokers and non-smokers. HRV data were examined in both the frequency and temporal domains. Additionally, statistical analyses were performed in Python 3.8 using the scikit-learn, pandas, and SciPy packages. Tobacco smokers had a significantly longer smoking history than e-cigarette users (p = 0.027). The baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) of the groups varied considerably (p = 0.037 and p = 0.021, respectively), with the non-smoker group exhibiting significantly higher SBP and MBP. For diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the change was borderline (p = 0.073) but nearly significant. All HRV variables displayed standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN): -0.73 ms, root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD): -0.86 ms, proportion of consecutive RR intervals that is different by more than 50 ms (pNN50): -0.60% year and triangular interpolation of normal-to-normal intervals (TINN): -4.07 ms annually as age increased (all p ≤ 0.01). No statistically significant differences in cotinine levels or HRV indices were observed among tobacco smokers, e-cigarette users and non-smokers in this exploratory study. The long-term effects of nicotine products require more research, including longitudinal designs, higher cohort sizes and other physiological and biochemical inflammatory indicators, such as endothelial function markers and cytokines.
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