Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42686837›Full record

ArticlePediatric research2026

Impact of post-NICU human milk intake on respiratory outcomes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Carol Cao, Joseph M Collaco, Gangaram G Akangire, Dustin Anderson-Bell, Eric D Austin, Anita Bhandari, Julie L Fierro, Lystra P Hayden, Jelte Kelchtermans, Khanh V Lai and 16 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Carol CaoJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Joseph M CollacoEudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Gangaram G AkangireDivision of Neonatology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Dustin Anderson-BellDivision of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Eric D AustinVanderbilt University Medical School and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Anita BhandariDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Julie L FierroDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Lystra P HaydenDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jelte KelchtermansDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Khanh V LaiDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Intermountain Primary Children's Hospital and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Winston ManimtimDivision of Neonatology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Audrey N MillerComprehensive Center for BPD, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
Paul E MooreVanderbilt University Medical School and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Leif D NelinComprehensive Center for BPD, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
Jessica L RiceDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Catherine A SheilsDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Roopa SiddaiahDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
Michael C TracyDivision of Pediatric Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Steven H AbmanDivision of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Christopher D BakerDivision of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Carolyn DressDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Melissa A HouseDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Nicole StephensonDepartment of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Amit AgarwalSection of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Sharon A McGrath-MorrowDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Brianna C AoyamaEudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. baoyama1@jhmi.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTo assess whether human milk consumption after neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge is associated with outpatient respiratory outcomes in infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

methodsWe conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of children under 2 years followed in outpatient BPD clinics. Participants were categorized by post-NICU human milk exposure (any vs. none). Caregiver questionnaires assessed the presence and frequency of chronic respiratory symptoms and acute care usage. Baseline characteristics were compared descriptively, and logistic regression with clustering by subject evaluated associations between human milk intake and outcomes.

resultsAmong 1731 children, 445 (25.7%) received human milk after NICU discharge, and 1286 (74.3%) did not. After adjusting for potential confounders, human milk consumption was associated with lower odds of sick (OR: 0.65, p = 0.006) and emergency department visits (OR: 0.66, p = 0.015), antibiotic (OR: 0.58, p = 0.005) and steroid prescriptions (OR: 0.46, p < 0.001), and beta-agonist use in the prior 3 months (OR: 0.69, p = 0.008).

conclusionsIn our multicenter cohort of children with BPD, post-NICU human milk consumption was associated with decreased parent-reported acute healthcare utilization and chronic respiratory symptoms, supporting its role as a modifiable risk factor that may improve respiratory outcomes in children with BPD. IMPACT: Human milk has been shown to decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD); however, limited data exist on the role of human milk intake after NICU discharge and its effect on long-term outpatient respiratory outcomes. Our findings demonstrate that post-NICU human milk intake is associated with decreased acute care usage and chronic respiratory symptoms in children with BPD, suggesting that human milk consumption is potentially a modifiable risk factor to improve outcomes. Further investigation using quantitative time-adjusted analyses, evaluating long-term respiratory consequences, and addressing barriers to use is needed to better define the role of human milk in this population.

Identifiers

PMID42686837

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