ArticlePloS one2026
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1-derived exopolysaccharide suppresses murine norovirus replication by modulating innate immune response.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of foodborne acute gastroenteritis, yet effective strategies to prevent norovirus infection have not been established. Given that an exopolysaccharide (EPS) can be orally consumed as a dietary component, we evaluated its potential to suppress norovirus replication in vitro. Here, we tested the antiviral effect of EPS derived from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (R-1 EPS) against murine norovirus (MNV) in vitro using the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7. Post-infection treatment significantly reduced the viral load of MNV in culture supernatants. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis showed that R-1 EPS treatment modulated MNV-induced host transcriptional responses, promoting preferential engagement of interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral and inflammatory pathways. Consistent with the microarray-based transcriptome analysis, expression analysis using ELISA and RT-qPCR indicated increased expression of IFN, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells treated with R-1 EPS. The results suggest that R-1 EPS modulated host innate immune responses, such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokine responses, during MNV infection, which may contribute to antiviral activity. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the host-directed antiviral effect of microbial EPS.
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