ArticleJMIR public health and surveillance2026
Socioeconomic and Regional Disparities in Long-Term Mortality Among Intensive Care Unit Survivors in South Korea: Nationwide Cohort Study.
Article in JMIR public health and surveillance, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Long-term outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors remain a major public health concern. Despite the existence of a universal health care system in South Korea, socioeconomic and regional disparities may affect postcritical illness survival. Objective: In this nationwide cohort study, we aimed to examine the associations of socioeconomic and regional factors with long-term mortality among ICU survivors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). We included adult patients (≥20 y) admitted to ICUs between 2015 and 2019 who survived to hospital discharge. Patients admitted for injury-related or external causes were excluded. Postdischarge socioeconomic status (SES) indicators included insurance type (National Health Insurance [NHI] vs Medical Aid [MA]), NHIS eligibility status, and income level quartiles. Residential area was analyzed separately as a regional contextual factor. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality for up to 8 years after discharge, which was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age (20-39 y, 40-64 y, and ≥65 y). Results: Among 871,366 adult ICU survivors, 9.6% (n=83,766) were MA beneficiaries. Lower SES-defined by MA coverage, nonemployee NHIS eligibility categories, and lower income level-was consistently associated with higher long-term mortality. Compared with NHI enrollees, MA recipients had an aHR of 1.63 (95% CI 1.60-1.66) among middle-aged adults and 1.48 (95% CI 1.38-1.60) among younger adults. Dependents and self-employed insured household members had 2-fold to 3-fold higher mortality risk than employee-insured beneficiaries. A stepwise income-mortality gradient was evident across all age groups. Residence in other regions was also associated with higher mortality (aHR 1.06-1.11). Younger individuals were particularly vulnerable to SES-related disparities. Conclusions: Despite South Korea's universal insurance system, socioeconomic and regional disparities in long-term mortality persist among ICU survivors. Ensuring equitable access to post-ICU care, income security, and targeted social support may help promote sustainable recovery.
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