SynthesisFrontiers in public health2026
Efficacy of mobile apps for urinary incontinence in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is recommended as a first-line treatment for urinary incontinence (UI); however, treatment adherence among women with UI remains suboptimal. The effectiveness of mobile applications in delivering PFMT for women with UI is not yet well established. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of app-based PFMT interventions on adherence, symptom severity, quality of life, and patient global impression of improvement (PGI-I). Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify relevant studies published up to February 11, 2026. Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 1,647 participants (mobile app group: 823; usual care group: 824) were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated that, compared with usual care, mobile app-based interventions significantly reduced the severity of UI (MD = -1.93, 95% CI: -2.87, -0.98; Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that mobile app-based PFMT interventions may serve as an adjunctive approach to improve adherence and patient-reported outcomes among women with UI. However, the magnitude of symptom improvement may be below the threshold of clinical importance, and the certainty of evidence remains low. Mobile applications should therefore complement rather than replace supervised PFMT, particularly for women requiring individualized rehabilitation and objective functional assessment.
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