ArticleHealth services insights2026
Redefining ANC Coverage: Tracking Trends and Inequities With a Complete Contact-And-Content Index from MICS Data, Vietnam 2011, 2014, and 2021.
Article in Health services insights, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Vietnam has made substantial progress in maternal health, achieving high coverage of antenatal care (ANC) under the Millennium Development Goals. However, focusing solely on the number of ANC contacts may obscure whether women receive the essential services recommended during pregnancy. This study examined trends in ANC contacts and service content across sociodemographic groups and assessed whether inequalities changed over time. Methods: We analyzed nationally representative Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data from 2011, 2014, and 2021 for women aged 15-49 years who had a live birth in the two years preceding the survey (N = 4,413). Outcomes included ANC coverage (≥4 and ≥8 contacts), ANC provided by skilled health personnel, ANC provided by medical doctors, receipt of four core ANC services (tetanus immunization, blood pressure measurement, blood test, and urine test), and a Complete ANC Coverage Index reflecting both service contacts and essential ANC content. Survey-weighted logistic regression models examined temporal trends and differences by wealth, residence, region, and ethnicity. Results: From 2011 to 2021, all ANC indicators improved significantly (all Conclusion: Vietnam has achieved substantial improvements in both ANC contacts and service content, yet important inequalities remain. Monitoring both service contacts and essential ANC content, using complementary measures such as the Complete ANC Coverage Index, provides a more comprehensive assessment of effective ANC coverage and may better inform policies to promote equitable maternal healthcare.
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