ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
The clinical value of PDCA cycle led by clinical pharmacists in optimizing the use of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric departments of primary hospitals.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Pediatric departments in primary hospitals face challenges such as insufficient diagnostic capabilities, weak management systems, and a lack of guidance on medication use. These factors have led to persistently high rates of antimicrobial use and misuse, which seriously jeopardize the safety of pediatric care in primary hospitals. Clinical pharmacists play a key role in ensuring the appropriate use of medications. However, in primary hospitals, their role is often marginalized or entirely absent. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship intervention led by clinical pharmacists in promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobials among pediatric outpatients and inpatients at a primary care hospital. Method: This study established a multidisciplinary team led by clinical pharmacists and conducted a quality improvement study in the pediatric department of a primary care hospital. ChatGPT was introduced as a brainstorming tool during the root cause analysis process. Interventions included daily embedded ward rounds, electronic prescription preauthorization, and structured training. After two Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycles, changes in primary and secondary outcome measures were compared between the control group and the two intervention groups. Results: After two PDCA cycles, the outpatient antimicrobial usage rate decreased from 38.81 to 27.14%, the intravenous infusion rate decreased from 28.29 to 20.04%, and the per-patient medication cost decreased from ¥68.50 to ¥49.73 ( Conclusion: Antimicrobial utilization decreased following implementation of the intervention. Tailored to the practical realities and characteristics of primary healthcare settings, it demonstrates both feasibility and replicability. It provides evidence-based guidance and a management framework for advancing rational drug use in children at the primary care level.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.