ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Breastfeeding difficulties and maternal-infant bonding at three months postpartum in a Turkish cohort.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Breastfeeding difficulties are common in the early postpartum period and have been hypothesized to negatively affect maternal-infant bonding. We aimed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding problems and mother-infant bonding at 3 months postpartum in a sample of Turkish mothers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 257 mothers of 3-month-old infants in Turkey. Participants completed a questionnaire including demographic and obstetric information, breastfeeding practices and difficulties, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) to assess maternal-infant bonding. Bonding difficulty was defined as a PBQ total score >25. Bivariate analyses (chi-square or Fisher's exact tests) compared mothers with and without bonding difficulties, and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of bonding problems at 3 months postpartum. Results: Overall, 33 mothers (12.8%) met criteria for bonding difficulties at 3 months. A total of 144 mothers (56.0%) reported at least one breastfeeding problem during the first 3 months postpartum. In bivariate analyses, breastfeeding difficulties were more common among mothers with bonding difficulties than among those without (81.8% vs. 52.2%, Conclusions: In this Turkish sample, mothers who reported breastfeeding difficulties had higher odds of impaired maternal-infant bonding at 3 months postpartum. These findings support routine assessment of breastfeeding-related distress during postpartum care.
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