ReviewRSC advances2026
Green remediation of 4-nitrophenol-contaminated industrial wastewater using biochar-metal composites: a review.
Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The contamination of water bodies by industrial effluents is a growing global concern, especially due to the presence of persistent and bio-accumulative pollutants such as 4-nitrophenol. 4-Nitrophenol is extensively used in pharmaceutical, insecticide, dye and leather industries, resulting in adverse effects on human health and environment. Conventional treatment methods such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, biodegradation and electrochemical reduction have numerous limitations, including incomplete mineralization, elevated operational costs, the generation of secondary pollutants, and challenges related to scalability. Recent studies have shown that biochar-metal composites are promising alternatives, which possess the advantages of the char's physicochemical properties combined with the catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles. The aim of this review is to assess the available literature on the production, adsorption and catalytic properties of biochar-metal composites as well as their application in 4-NP remediation. The influence of feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and metal incorporation on the formation of biochar composites is discussed in detail. This review highlights the importance of life cycle assessment and economic analysis, which can provide an understanding of the potential environmental and economic implications of biochar composites. However, there are several challenges associated with material strength, size constraints, metal leaching potential and commercial availability. This review is an attempt to connect laboratory-scale research with real-world implementation by outlining the important knowledge gaps and proposing future research including integrated studies, novel preparation techniques, mechanistic investigations and policy development. Hence, biochar-metal composites can enhance the conventional water treatment methods and provide effective solutions for mitigating global environmental contamination caused by pollutants like 4-nitrophenol.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.