ReviewInternational journal of reproductive biomedicine2026
Advanced three-dimensional culture technologies in reproductive medicine: A narrative review.
Review in International journal of reproductive biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent advancements in 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems for follicles, oocytes, and embryos represent a paradigm shift in assisted reproductive technologies and reproductive biology. By mimicking the native physiological microenvironment more faithfully than conventional 2-dimensional systems, these innovative platforms directly address critical limitations of current in vitro embryo production protocols, including low blastocyst development rates, compromised embryo quality, and concerning epigenetic aberrations. This comprehensive review examines a spectrum of emerging 3D strategies, microfluidic devices, dynamic culture conditions, spheroid/organoid models, and advanced co-culture systems with supportive somatic and stem cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that these technologies (by preserving 3D follicular and embryonic architecture, enhancing nutrient and gas exchange, and restoring vital cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions) significantly improve oocyte maturation rates, embryo developmental competence, and overall in vitro fertilization outcomes. Nevertheless, challenges such as species-specific optimization, scalability, high costs, and the imperative for clinical standardization remain significant hurdles. Future directions to overcome these obstacles involve the development of smart, physiologically responsive biomaterials, the integration of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence and organ-on-a-chip platforms, and the creation of cost-effective systems for widespread application. This review underscores the transformative potential of 3D culture systems as a foundational new approach in reproductive research and fertility treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.