ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2026
Preliminary field evaluation and exploratory external-association analysis of a modified wellness questionnaire for short-term monitoring in elite male water polo players.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Monitoring athletes' perceived wellness has become an important component of daily tasks of practitioners, yet the properties of brief wellness questionnaires remain insufficiently examined in specific team sport contexts. The purpose of this study was to describe the internal consistency, between-athlete reliability, and estimates of measurement error for a modified wellness questionnaire during short-term field monitoring and to explore associations with selected external monitoring variables. Methods: Routinely collected data from eighteen elite male water polo players were retrospectively analyzed across 12 repeated measurement occasions, resulting in 216 questionnaire observations. The questionnaire assessed sleep quality, physical and, upper- and lower-body fatigue, mental fatigue, and stress, from which composite recovery and fatigue scores were derived. All items were scored so that higher values indicated a more favorable status. External variables included sleep duration, heart rate variability (HRV), and daily summed session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE); additional lagged models examined potential delayed associations with recovery and fatigue. Results: Most wellness indicators demonstrated low between-athlete reliability, particularly sleep quality and recovery-related items, indicating substantial within-athlete variability over time. Internal consistency was acceptable for the recovery composite and good for the fatigue composite. SEM values were 0.61 for recovery and 0.59 for fatigue, with corresponding MDC Conclusion: The modified wellness questionnaire showed interpretable internal score patterns and selected exploratory external associations during short-term descriptive monitoring in this specific elite water polo setting. However, the findings do not establish full psychometric validation, responsiveness, or suitability for training prescription decisions.
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