Characterization of Dapalides D and E and Genomic Comparison of the Two Co-Occurring Dapalide-Producing Dapis spp.

Marine cyanobacteria are a rich source of diverse bioactive natural products, targeting proteins involved in many diseases. Here, we combined metagenomic analysis to enhance the structure elucidation process of two new cyclodepsipeptides named dapalides D (1) and E (2) from a collection of a cyanobacterial mat containing multiple Dapis species from Guam. Dapalides D/E are composed of 11 amino acids, including multiple identical units with different configurations. Enantioselective amino acid identification of the acid hydrolyzate established the identity of amino acids, including the configuration of α/β-stereogenic centers. Identification and analysis of the dapalides D/E biosynthetic gene cluster from a metagenome-assembled genome aided the elucidation of α-configuration and establishment of the order of individual building blocks, collectively revealing the total structure. Phylogenomic analysis indicates that the dapalides D/E producer belongs to Dapis sp. (Dapis sp. VPG23-80 MAG-2), which shares a 95.2% average nucleotide identity with Dapis sp. VPG23-80 MAG-1, the producer of dapalides A-C that cooccurs in the same assemblage. Dapalide D (1) showed moderate growth inhibitory activity against various cancer cell lines. This work expands the dapalide structure class and further highlights the use of combined chemical and metagenomic analyses for natural product structure elucidation.