Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42681688›Full record

ArticleInfectious diseases of poverty2026

Long-term usage, condition, and cultural acceptability of the BALatrine project: findings from a subsidised sanitation improvement intervention in rural Central Java, Indonesia.

Callum Lowe, Matthew Kelly, Salvador Amaral, Novia Handayani, Bagoes Widjanarko, Budiyono Budiyono, Nissa Kusariana, Budi Laksono, Juniawati Juniawati, Muharsono Muharsono and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Infectious diseases of poverty, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Callum LoweNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia. callum.lowe@anu.edu.au.
Matthew KellyNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Salvador AmaralMenzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia.
Novia HandayaniFaculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Bagoes WidjanarkoFaculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Budiyono BudiyonoFaculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Nissa KusarianaFaculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Budi LaksonoYayasan Wahana Bakti Sejahtera, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Juniawati JuniawatiNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Muharsono MuharsonoNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Sukoto SukotoNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Suharyo HadisaputroPoliteknik Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia.
Kinley WangdiHEAL Global Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
Aparna LalNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Johanna KurscheidSwiss TPH, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Susana Vaz NeryKirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
Ricardo J Soares-MagalhaesSchool of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
Kate HaltonQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
James McCarthyWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Archie C A ClementsQueens University, Belfast, UK.
Donald Stewart *School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Darren Gray *National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMuch work remains to achieve the sustainable development goals for improved sanitation access for all. Subsidised sanitation interventions are often criticised due to the possibility of the infrastructure being neglected or culturally inappropriate for target communities. The BALatrine intervention is a novel approach consisting of a community-wide subsidised recipient-aided installation of an improved latrine with septic tank ('BALatrine') and education package. This study aimed to investigate the long-term usage and cultural acceptability of the BALatrine project four to six years following its implementation in a main trial.

methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional follow-up study in September 2022 of 88 households who received BALatrines in two villages between 2016 and 2017. Quantitative and qualitative interviews with the household head and members were conducted to understand BALatrine usage and perceptions. Descriptive statistics were used to tabulate interview responses.

resultsThe BALatrines were still in excellent condition with 89% still functional as initially intended corresponding to 95% of participants regularly passing a bowel motion in the BALatrine. A 77% reduction in self-reported open defecation was achieved. Participants expressed concerns towards the prospect of having to empty the septic tanks. Interviews with key village stakeholders demonstrated participants desire for aid and financial difficulties in obtaining and maintaining such improved sanitation.

conclusionsFollow-up results of the BALatrine intervention demonstrate that the BALatrine's in the two surveyed villages are overall culturally acceptable and well-maintained. The BALatrine intervention may be suitable for use in other rural areas of Indonesia and the region for improving sanitation coverage.

Indexed as

Rural PopulationSanitationToilet FacilitiesAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIndonesiaMaleBALatrineCultural acceptabilityHygieneQualitativeSanitationSanitation and hygieneSoil-transmitted helminthWater

Identifiers

PMID42681688
PMCPMC13532005

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.