Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42681440›Full record

ArticleMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)2026

Examination of the Immunological Role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 on Red Blood Cells.

Emily A Oatman, Layal Sayegh, Nilam S Mangalmurti

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Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Emily A OatmanDivision of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Layal SayeghDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Nilam S MangalmurtiDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. nspatel@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) were historically regarded as immunologically inert; however, current research has revealed their active participation in the innate immune response through the expression of various surface immune receptors. Notably, the nucleic-acid-sensing receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) enables RBCs to sequester and scavenge cell-free DNA under basal conditions and to deliver DNA during inflammatory states. Consequently, the presence of TLR9 on RBCs endows them with distinct immune functions. Novel techniques were developed to study the immunological function of red blood cells. This paper delineates the methodologies for detecting TLR9 on mammalian RBCs (murine, human, chimpanzee, and bat) and isolating and preparing murine RBCs for transfusion, as well as for binding CpG DNA oligodeoxynucleotides to RBCs for both in vitro and in vivo studies. These methodologies are crucial for evaluating the contributions of RBCs to the immune response.

Indexed as

ErythrocytesToll-Like Receptor 9AnimalsHumansImmunity, InnateInnate Immunity RecognitionMiceOligodeoxyribonucleotidesCPG-oligonucleotideOligodeoxyribonucleotidesToll-Like Receptor 9Red blood cellsSepsisToll-like receptor 9Transfusion

Identifiers

PMID42681440

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.