Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42680897›Full record

ArticleNature immunology2026

Innate immune imprints shape HIV-1 reservoir cell persistence during long-term antiretroviral therapy.

Toong Seng Tan, WeiWei Sun, Ce Gao, Mathias Viard, Lucy C Walters, Melanie Lancien, Yuko Yuki, Tram N Van, Carlos Casquero, Xuan Guo and 15 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Finishing the fight against HIV.Nature microbiology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Toong Seng Tan *Ragon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
WeiWei Sun *Ragon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ce Gao *Ragon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-790X
Mathias ViardBasic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
Lucy C WaltersRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-2828
Melanie LancienRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Yuko YukiBasic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-6003
Tram N VanRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Carlos CasqueroRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-1401-521X
Xuan GuoRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-0579-3031
Rebecca HohDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
David W HaasVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Nelson MichaelU.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Gregory D KirkJohns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-1405
George YendewaSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Rajesh T GandhiInfectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Seble G KassayeDepartment of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
Phyllis C TienDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Bruce D WalkerRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-9245
Michael J PelusoDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0585-6230
Jeffrey M JacobsonSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Steven G DeeksDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-747X
Mary CarringtonRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-2180
Xu G YuRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Mathias LichterfeldRagon Institute of MGB, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. mlichterfeld@mgh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-8350

Funding

WORK ORDER 126643 B539 EXPAND IC SUITE75N91019D00024 · NIAID · LEIDOS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, INC. · PI BRISCOE, LYNN · 2019 to 2025
$3932.6M
Leadership and Operations Center (LOC), AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG); LOC 1/UM1AI068636 · NIAID · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Joseph J Eron, RAJESH T GANDHI · 2011 to 2026
$1073.1M
Statistical and Data Management Center (SDMC), AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)UM1AI068634 · NIAID · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI Marlene Ann Cooper, Michael David Hughes · 2011 to 2026
$246.6M
Validation, CLIA and Qualification (VQC): Enhancing the RS ratio as a tool for AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) tuberculosis trialsUM1AI106701 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Grace M Aldrovandi · 2014 to 2026
$116.8M
Engaging University of California Stakeholders for Biorespository ResearchUL1TR000004 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GRANDIS, JENNIFER RUBIN · 2012 to 2015
$78.0M
WG3: HIV, Co-infections and Co-morbiditiesP30AI036219 · NIAID · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI Immaculate Lillian Nankya · 1994 to 2026
$50.0M
Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Risk Factors, Early Detection and Personalized InterventionUL1TR001409 · NCATS · GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY · PI GONDRE-LEWIS, MARJORIE C, MELLMAN, THOMAS A · 2015 to 2024
$37.8M
SF Bay Area MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort StudyU01HL146242 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Bradley E Aouizerat, Jennifer Cohen Price · 2019 to 2026
$36.3M
Sex differences in the role of multi-omicsin HIV-associated carotid artery atherosclerosisU01HL146193 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Stephen J Gange, Elizabeth Topper · 2019 to 2026
$35.8M
Pediatric Adolescent Virus Elimination (PAVE) Martin Delaney CollaboratoryUM1AI164566 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Ann M Chahroudi, Deborah Persaud · 2021 to 2026
$35.5M
BEAT-HIV: Delaney Collaboratory to Cure HIV-1 Infection by Combination ImmunotherapyUM1AI164570 · NIAID · WISTAR INSTITUTE · PI Luis J Montaner, James L. Riley · 2021 to 2026
$34.7M
Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise to Cure HIVUM1AI164560 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI STEVEN Grant DEEKS, Sharon Ruth Lewin · 2021 to 2026
$32.0M
Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE) AI164560Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE) AI164562Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE) AI164566Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE) AI164570Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (Frederick National Laboratory) 75N91019D00024NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR001432NCATS NIH HHS TL1 TR001431NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000004NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL134539NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL146193NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL146205NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL146242NIAID NIH HHS K24 AI155233NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI036219NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI078799NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI152979NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI176579NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI184094NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI116228NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI189231NIAID NIH HHS R33 AI116228NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI155171NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI135940NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068634NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068636NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI106701NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI164560NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI164562NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI164566NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI164570NIDA NIH HHS R33 DA047034NIDA NIH HHS R61 DA047034NIH HHS 75N91019D00024U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI078799U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI116228U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI135940U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI152979U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI155171U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI155233U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI176579U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI189231U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) DA047034U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) HL134539U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) KL2-TR001432U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) TL1-TR001431U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) U01-HL146193U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) U01-HL146205U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) U01-HL146242U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) UL1-TR000004U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) UL1-TR001409U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) UM1AI068634U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) UM1AI068636U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) UM1AI106701
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Host immune responses that can target and eliminate HIV-1 reservoir cells during suppressive antiretroviral therapy are poorly understood. Here, analyzing over 6,000 proviral DNA amplicons from 104 individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy, we found that carriers of HLA-C2 allotypes, which promote NK cell education via interactions with KIR2DL1, exhibited lower frequencies of intact proviruses. No protective effects of HLA-C2 alleles were observed during untreated infection, suggesting a selective vulnerability of reservoir cells to NK-cell-mediated immune activity under antiretroviral therapy. Supporting this, frequencies of KIR2DL1

Indexed as

HIV-1HIV InfectionsImmunity, InnateKiller Cells, NaturalHLA-C AntigensHumansNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily CProvirusesReceptors, KIR2DL1Virus LatencyHLA-C AntigensKIR2DL1 protein, humanKLRC2 protein, humanNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily CReceptors, KIR2DL1

Identifiers

PMID42680897
PMCPMC13630574

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.