Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42680782›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected from Khartoum, Blue Nile, and Northern States of Sudan (2019-2022).

Maysa Ragab, Yassir A Almofti, Yazeed A Rauouf, Nick J Knowles, Donald P King, Jemma Wadsworth, Hayley M Hicks, Haitham Saeed, Omima Abd Algalil, Ibrahim Albokhadaim and 7 more

Abstract read
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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Maysa RagabDepartment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), P.O. Box 8067, Soba,, Khartoum, Sudan.
Yassir A AlmoftiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. yamofti@kfu.edu.sa.
Yazeed A RauoufDepartment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), P.O. Box 8067, Soba,, Khartoum, Sudan.
Nick J KnowlesThe Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.
Donald P KingThe Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.
Jemma WadsworthThe Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.
Hayley M HicksThe Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.
Haitham SaeedDepartment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), P.O. Box 8067, Soba,, Khartoum, Sudan.
Omima Abd AlgalilDepartment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), P.O. Box 8067, Soba,, Khartoum, Sudan.
Ibrahim AlbokhadaimDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed O AlameenDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Mahmoud KandeelDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Samir AlhojailyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Ali Al-HammadiDepartment of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Jamal HussenDepartment of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Mustafa ShukryDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Bahaa Al-TradDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease causing significant economic losses in livestock. This study investigated the serotype distribution and molecular epidemiology of FMD viruses (FMDV) circulating in Sudan between 2019 and 2022. A total of 51 epithelial tissue samples were collected from outbreaks in Khartoum, Blue Nile and Northern States. Samples were analyzed via virus isolation in bovine thyroid cell culture (BTY), antigen detection ELISA, and real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR). Antigen detection ELISA successfully typed 13 of 51 (25.5%) epithelial tissue samples, of which 10 were identified as serotype A and 3 as serotype O. In contrast, rRT-PCR detected FMDV RNA in 33 of the 35 samples (94.3%) that were suitable for molecular analysis, showing the superior diagnostic sensitivity of this molecular method. FMDV positive samples were further characterized by sequencing the VP1-coding region. These data demonstrated the presence of two serotypes (A and O), while SAT serotypes were not detected during the study period. Serotype A was detected in outbreaks during 2019, 2021 and 2022, while serotype O predominated in 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1-coding sequences showed that serotype A sequences clustered within the A/AFRICA topotype, lineage G-IV and were closely related to strains from Egypt and Ethiopia. Serotype O sequences were clustered within the EAST AFRICA-3 (EA-3) topotype and showed ≥ 96% identity with the Egyptian isolates. VP1 analysis revealed conserved functional motifs alongside variability within the immunodominant antigenic region, suggestive of ongoing viral evolution with potential implications for vaccine effectiveness. These results suggested the persistent circulation of FMDV serotypes A and O in Sudan with close genetic relationships to viruses recovered from neighboring countries. These findings suggested the transboundary transmission of FMDVs and a role for cross-border livestock movements in virus dissemination. Continuous molecular surveillance and regional cooperation are essential to improve vaccine matching and strengthen FMD control strategies in endemic regions.

Indexed as

Cattle DiseasesFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease VirusAnimalsCapsid ProteinsCattleDisease OutbreaksMolecular EpidemiologyPhylogenyRNA, ViralSerogroupSudanCapsid ProteinsRNA, ViralVP1 protein, Foot-and-mouth disease virusFoot-and-mouth diseaseMolecular epidemiologyPhylogenetic analysisSudanVP1 sequencing

Identifiers

PMID42680782
PMCPMC13534453

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.