ArticleJMIR human factors2026
User-Centered Virtual Clinic Services for Remote, Rural, and Underserved Sub-Saharan Africa: Development and Usability Study.
Article in JMIR human factors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Virtual clinics allow doctors to connect to patients in difficult-to-reach locations. While this can result in improved access to care, implementing existing virtual clinics in these locations is difficult due to their contextual constraints. To address these challenges, a virtual clinic system for remote, rural, and underserved areas was developed based on user-centered design principles. To complete the user-centered design cycle, the developed system was then implemented and evaluated in the target contexts. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a pilot study with the developed user-centered virtual clinic system to evaluate its performance in resource-limited settings. Patient, doctor, and nurse feedback was collected to understand how the virtual clinic system and implementation strategy might be improved before long-term implementation. Methods: A pilot study was conducted at 2 health care facilities in South Africa-1 underserved public primary health clinic in the city of Cape Town, and 1 remote occupational health clinic in the Northern Cape Province. Doctor and nurse dyads participated in using the system to consult with real patients in each clinic. Patients received both virtual and physical examinations by the same doctor, and these 2 consultations were compared with one another. Surveys were conducted to gather patient feedback pre- and post-virtual clinic consult. Observations of system usage were collected, and doctor and nurse participant interviews were conducted at the conclusion of each day. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed to understand barriers and facilitators of virtual consultations, as well as patient satisfaction. Results: A total of 12 patient consultations were conducted using the virtual clinic system across 2 health care facilities. Two doctors and 2 nurses participated in the study as users. Doctor and nurse confidence in using the system increased over time. Doctors were confident that the virtual consultation format could be used to diagnose patients remotely. Key indicators of patient satisfaction were being included in consultation communication and understanding the benefits virtual care could offer. Potential barriers to virtual consultations were infrastructure offered by the implementation environment and medical device limitations. Conclusions: The results from this pilot study indicate that virtual clinic consultation is possible in low-resource settings using the developed virtual clinic system. This system can support patients in remote, rural, and underserved areas to receive certain health care services from a doctor without the doctor having to be physically present in the facility. The results encourage further scaling of the system to support long-term implementation in low-resource health clinics in South Africa and other sub-Saharan African countries.
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