Individual differences drive social hierarchies in male mouse societies.

Social hierarchies structure groups and confer advantages on high-ranking individuals. In mice, individual position in hierarchies may emerge situationally from current group compositions, or, alternatively, may remain largely stable across groups as an internalized feature. Dominance and subordination are expressed in behaviors like tube competitions or agonistic chasing. The interaction of these behaviors in the shaping of social position in larger male mouse groups remains largely unknown. To address these questions, we developed the NoSeMaze, a semi-naturalistic, open-source, modular platform that enables automated long-term tracking of unperturbed groups. Across more than 4000 mouse-days, hierarchies derived from incidental competitions in the integrated tube tests were non-despotic, transitive, and stable even when group compositions changed. This stability supports an internalized component of competition-based social rank. Chasing was also stable across contexts. Notably, chasing was concentrated among high-ranking individuals, consistent with ongoing negotiation of social rank among individuals at the upper end of the hierarchy. The link between chasing and social rank strengthened in groups with less well-defined rank structure, where mice rely more on aggressive signaling to assert their position. Chasing and social rank were associated with certain dimensions of simultaneously measured physical and cognitive features. In summary, high-dimensional tracking with the NoSeMaze reveals that social position in mice is multifaceted and shaped by stable dimensions of individual behavior that persist across changing social contexts. The approach thus enables longitudinal modeling of individuality and social position as key resilience factors.