ArticlePharmaceutical biology2026
Chemical constituents in safflower leaves and inhibitory effects of quercetin and luteolin derivatives on osteoclast differentiation.
Article in Pharmaceutical biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
contextSafflower (
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of safflower leaf and seed extracts on osteoclast differentiation, compare their chemical compositions, and identify anti-osteoclastogenic compounds from safflower leaves. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe inhibitory effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation were evaluated in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Compositional differences between safflower seeds and leaves were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Compounds from safflower leaves were isolated by medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and identified using MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses.
resultsHot water and ethanol extracts of safflower leaves suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in BMDMs, with effects comparable to those of safflower seed extracts. These extracts also downregulated the expression of osteoclast-related genes, including nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). LC-MS metabolite analysis detected quercetin and luteolin derivatives in safflower leaves, whose chemical composition differs from that of safflower seeds. Fourteen compounds, including a novel compound, 4-(2-nitroethyl)phenyl- DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsThese findings provide
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