Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42677684›Full record

SynthesisMaternal & child nutrition2026

Women's Experiences of Breastfeeding Beyond One Year: A Qualitative Systematic Review.

Thomas Cronin, Noor Ainah Gulzar Ahmad, Noel McCarthy

Abstract readSystematic ReviewReview
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Maternal & child nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Thomas CroninSchool of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Discipline of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-3992
Noor Ainah Gulzar AhmadSchool of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2050-0721
Noel McCarthyDiscipline of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1113-1017

Funding

Health Research Board
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Breastfeeding beyond 1 year is recommended by the World Health Organisation and is linked to multiple maternal, infant, and environmental benefits. However, rates frequently remain low in high-income countries, which may relate to social stigma, work commitments and insufficient support. This review aimed to explore the experiences of women who breastfeed beyond 1 year. Accordingly, a qualitative systematic review following the Joanna Briggs Institute meta-aggregation approach and reported to the ENTREQ statement was undertaken. Searches were conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science from database inception to June 2026. Two reviewers were involved in the search, extraction, quality assessment and synthesis process. A total of 6831 articles were screened, and 36 studies were included, most of which were conducted in high-income countries. One hundred and thirty extracted findings were used to form 10 categories, which were developed into four synthesised findings: (1) society and culture impact acceptability and visibility of breastfeeding beyond 1 year; (2) structural and institutional constraints undermine breastfeeding beyond 1 year; (3) social networks and peer support influence breastfeeding beyond 1 year; and (4) breastfeeding beyond 1 year involves an interplay of bonding, empowerment, challenges, and adaptation. This review highlights the complex and often challenging contexts women face when breastfeeding beyond 1 year. Multi-level efforts to normalise and validate this practice are essential to better align with global health guidance. Future research should explore experiences of breastfeeding beyond 1 year in countries where it is more commonly practised.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingMothersFemaleHumansQualitative ResearchSocial SupportTime Factorsbreastfeedingexperiencesqualitativesystematic review

Identifiers

PMID42677684
PMCPMC13531375

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.