SynthesisMedicine2026
Effectiveness of different exercise therapies in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExercise therapy, commonly referred to as a "green prescription," is gaining recognition as a promising intervention for schizophrenia treatment. With the ongoing expansion of research in this domain, determining the relatively effective exercise therapy for patients with schizophrenia is important. To identify the most effective exercise intervention, we systematically reviewed Chinese and English databases to evaluate its effects on individuals with schizophrenia.
methodsWe conducted extensive searches of English and Chinese databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Academic Journal Full Text Database [Wanfang], VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Database [VIP], and SinoMed) from the inception of each database until January 30, 2024 (complete search strategies see Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content 1). We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using the updated Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials, with detailed results presented in Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content 1. Furthermore, we ranked the treatment measures using surface under the cumulative ranking curve probability values, and reported effect sizes (standardized mean difference) with 95% confidence intervals for clinical significance judgment. The assessment measures included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcome Scale scores.
resultsThirty randomized controlled trials involving 2628 patients and 9 treatments were included. Network meta-analysis showed aerobic exercise (AE), yoga, and tai chi alleviated symptoms. surface under the cumulative ranking curve ranking: AE combined with tai chi may have a higher likelihood of reducing Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores (88.2%); yoga may have a higher probability in reducing Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (89.6%) and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (86.7%) scores; tai chi may be more likely in lowering Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcome Scale scores (76.5%).
conclusionExercise therapy may exhibit potential efficacy in treating schizophrenia, with AE, yoga, and tai chi exhibiting superior effectiveness compared to control therapies in symptom reduction. However, the certainty of evidence is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity in exercise protocols, and moderate risk of bias in some studies. Further validation through rigorous, multicenter, and large-scale clinical trials with standardized exercise protocols is needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.