ArticleBMC psychology2026
Effort-Reward Imbalance, related risk factors and the association with depression and suicidal ideation in German dentists- BMC Psychology.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDentistry involves substantial physical, psychological, and organizational demands. Increasing administrative tasks and structural changes in dental health care may exacerbate imbalances between professional effort and rewards. According to the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model, such imbalances are linked to adverse mental health outcomes. This study investigates determinants of ERI among German dentists and its association with current depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.
methodsA nationwide cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Germany from July 2021 to February 2022, and 589 practising dentists participated in the survey. ERI was assessed using a validated self-report questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, and suicidal ideation with item 9 from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Sociodemographic, family-related factors and occupational variables were collected via self-report. Differences between male and female participants were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of ERI, and Spearman correlations examined associations with current suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms.
resultsThe mean ERI ratio was 1.1, with 53.1% of participants showing an unfavorable imbalance. Depressive symptoms were identified in 21.1% of respondents, and 11.7% reported suicidal ideation in the last two weeks. Higher imbalance was significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Bureaucratic burden, age and taking care of children are significant predictors of ERI. No significant gender differences were observed.
conclusionsERI is prevalent among German dentists and closely linked to impaired mental health. Administrative burdens represent an important modifiable stressor. Reducing bureaucratic workload and improving structural working conditions may help preventing and restoring effort-reward balance and may contribute to reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among dentists in Germany.
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