ReviewArquivos de neuro-psiquiatria2026
Autoimmune-associated epilepsy: definitions and diagnosis - a narrative review.
Review in Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Abstract: Autoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE) is an increasingly-recognized condition in which seizures result from immune-mediated mechanisms, such as Rasmussen's encephalitis and antibody-associated epilepsies. Its timely identification may enable more efficacious therapy and improve outcomes. The current paper aims to provide a clinically-oriented review of AAE, focusing on clinical identification, use of diagnostic scoring systems, and immunological testing strategies. Antibody-associated epilepsy encompasses a broad spectrum of presentations, from postencephalitic epilepsy to isolated drug-resistant temporal-lobe epilepsy. Neuronal-surface autoantibodies (such as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR), anti- leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (anti-LGI1), anti-CASPR2) and intracellular antibodies (such as anti-GAD65) are variably associated with pathogenesis and chronicity. Clinical scoring systems (such as Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy - APE2, Antibody Contributing to Focal Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms - ACES, ntibody Prevalence in Epilepsy before Surgery - APES, Antibody in Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy - ARTE and 'Obvious' Indications for Neural Antibody Testing in Epilepsy or Seizures - ONES) are helpful in selecting patients for autoantibody testing. A comprehensive workup includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and combined serum/CSF antibody panels. Testing methodology and antibody type must be carefully interpreted in the light of clinical context. In low-resource settings, cost-effective testing strategies and clinical-screening tools are crucial to optimize the diagnostic yield. Early clinical suspicion, guided use of diagnostic scores, and appropriate immunological investigation are central to manage AAE. Recognizing AAE as a distinct diagnostic category is essential to improve care and guide immunotherapeutic decisions.
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