Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42671980›Full record

ArticlePsychotherapy and psychosomatics2026

Examining the Contribution of Childhood Maltreatment to the Sex Gap in Depression: Insights from the German National Cohort (NAKO).

Maja P Völker, Aina L Kresken, Jerome C Foo, Josef Frank, Iris Reinhard, Johanna Klinger-König, Lea Zillich, Diana S Ferreira de Sá, Rafael Mikolajczyk, Michael Leitzmann and 17 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Maja P VölkerDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Aina L KreskenDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Jerome C FooDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Josef FrankDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Iris ReinhardCore Facility Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Johanna Klinger-KönigDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Lea ZillichDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Diana S Ferreira de SáDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Rafael MikolajczykInstitute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Michael LeitzmannDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Patricia FromherzDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Lilian KristInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Thomas KeilInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Claudia Meinke-FranzeInstitute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Steffi G Riedel-HellerInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Halina GreiserGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany.
Barbara BohnNAKO e.V., Heidelberg, Germany.
Hermann BrennerCancer Prevention Graduate School, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Nadia ObiInstitute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Volker HarthInstitute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Tobias PischonMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
Hans J GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Klaus BergerInstitute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Emanuel SchwarzCentre for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Mannheim, Germany.
Jutta MataHealth Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
Stephanie H WittDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Fabian StreitCentre for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Mannheim, Germany, fabian.streit@zi-mannheim.de.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionChildhood maltreatment is a major risk factor for depression and may contribute to sex differences in depression prevalence. We examined sex-specific associations between childhood maltreatment and depression and estimated the proportion of depression cases attributable to maltreatment subtypes.

methodsWe analyzed baseline data from 159,045 participants (49.4% female; aged 19-72) in the German National Cohort (NAKO). Childhood maltreatment was assessed via the Childhood Trauma Screener; depression was assessed via self-reported physician's diagnosis and MINI classification (lifetime) and the PHQ-9 (current). Associations, including sex interactions, were modeled using binary logistic regressions. Disparity decomposition analyses and sex-stratified population attributable fractions (PAFs) quantified the contribution of childhood maltreatment to depression.

resultsChildhood maltreatment was associated with increased odds of lifetime (OR

conclusionChildhood maltreatment accounts for a substantial proportion of depression in both sexes, with stronger overall associations in females. Sex-specific prevention may help reduce depression prevalence.

Indexed as

Childhood abuseDepressionEpidemiologySex differences

Identifiers

PMID42671980
PMCPMC13688537

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