ArticleForensic toxicology2026
Determination of xylazine, xylazine-4-hydroxy, and 2,6-dimethylaniline in canine urine: veterinary and forensic applications in two suspected poisoning cases.
Article in Forensic toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeXylazine, an α
methodsIn this study, a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was developed and fully validated for the determination of xylazine and its metabolites in canine urine.
resultsThe method exhibited excellent selectivity and linearity over the range of 0.05-100 ng/mL, with coefficients of determination (R²) ≥ 0.9989. Recovery values ranged from 70.3% to 93.4%, with matrix effect values between 78.6% and 95.6%, and process efficiency values ranging from 74.9% to 94.3%. Precision and accuracy values were within ± 15% at all quality control levels, and the analytes were stable under all tested conditions (+ 8 °C for 3 days, + 4 °C and - 20 °C for 5 days). In two forensic cases, urine samples collected from canines presenting with unconsciousness contained xylazine and its metabolites, while no other sedative or toxic agents were detected.
conclusionThe presence of both 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA) and 4-hydroxyxylazine supports the necessity for including metabolite analysis in exposure assessment. This study highlights the applicability of LC-HRMS for the detection of xylazine-related compounds in canine urine and its potential use in veterinary and forensic toxicology contexts.
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