ArticleOdontology2026
Boron-doped nano-hydroxyapatite for enamel demineralization prevention and biofilm inhibition.
Article in Odontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of boron-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) formulations, with and without sintering, on enamel surface hardness and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation under in vitro conditions. Ninety-eight sound human premolars were randomly allocated into seven groups (n = 14): pre-sintered nHA, sintered nHA, 2% boron-doped pre-sintered nHA, 2% boron-doped sintered nHA, 4% boron-doped pre-sintered nHA, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and artificial saliva. Enamel demineralization was assessed using Vickers microhardness testing and scanning electron microscopy following a 10-day pH-cycling protocol. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated by cultivating S. mutans biofilms on orthodontic brackets (n = 7 per group). The 2% boron-doped sintered nHA group demonstrated significantly higher enamel surface microhardness compared with all other groups (P < 0.05), with qualitative scanning electron microscopy observations showing a relatively more uniform and intact surface appearance. Significant differences in S. mutans biofilm formation were observed among the groups (P < 0.001). The pre-sintered 2% and 4% boron-doped nHA groups showed significantly lower OD values than artificial saliva, whereas the sintered 2% boron-doped nHA group did not differ significantly from the negative control. Boron incorporation combined with sintering enhanced the capacity of nano-hydroxyapatite to preserve enamel surface hardness under acidic challenge in vitro, with the sintered 2% boron-doped formulation demonstrating the highest final microhardness among the tested materials.
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