Adaptive deletion of functional duplicate genes in Drosophila.

Gene deletion is traditionally viewed as a nonadaptive mechanism that eliminates functional redundancy, yet emerging evidence indicates that it disproportionately affects tissue-specific duplicates with unique functions. Here, we test whether gene deletion preferentially removes weakly constrained, degenerating duplicates or instead eliminates functionally active duplicates through an adaptive process. To identify the evolutionary and functional factors that determine which duplicates are lost, we systematically analyzed 100 gene deletion events in Drosophila by integrating sequence, expression, interaction, and structural data. We uncovered a strong bias toward the loss of younger child copies among functionally unique duplicates, whereas no such bias was observed for redundant duplicates. Contrary to expectations under relaxed constraint, deleted functionally unique genes evolve more slowly, show higher expression, engage in more protein-protein interactions, and do not exhibit elevated structural divergence or intrinsic disorder relative to redundant duplicates. When compared with single-copy genes, deleted functionally unique genes display similar evolutionary rates, slightly lower expression, greater network connectivity, comparable structural divergence, and lower intrinsic disorder. These patterns suggest that deletion frequently affects functionally active rather than degenerate genes. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that gene deletion in Drosophila can represent an adaptive process acting on transiently functional duplicates, potentially driven by either genome streamlining or context-dependent deleterious effects.