ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Extracellular Vesicles in the Heart-Organ Axis: From Inter-Organ Communication to Precision Nanomedicine for Heart Diseases.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Heart diseases, including myocardial infarction and heart failure, remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, underscoring an urgent need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication due to their nanoscale structure, intrinsic bioactivity, and ability to transport diverse molecular cargoes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that EVs are broadly distributed across tissues and organs, where they orchestrate complex inter-organ communication networks. However, the mechanisms by which EV-mediated heart-organ crosstalk regulates cardiovascular disease progression and repair remain incompletely understood. Importantly, EVs are not only endogenous regulators of disease progression but also promising nanocarriers for targeted therapeutic delivery. However, translational challenges remain, particularly in achieving efficient and specific delivery to cardiac tissue following systemic administration. Limited targeting specificity, rapid clearance, insufficient cardiac retention, and EV heterogeneity hinder clinical application, highlighting the need for advanced engineering strategies. Methods: This review followed a systematic literature retrieval framework and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases from inception to January 2026 using keywords related to EVs, cardiovascular diseases, and interorgan communication. ClinicalTrials.gov was also searched to evaluate the translational progress of EV-based cardiovascular studies. Results: The reviewed evidence demonstrates that EVs mediate bidirectional communication between the heart and peripheral organs, including brain, gut, liver, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, bone marrow, spleen, and adipose tissue. Heart- and organ-derived EVs regulate inflammation, metabolism, vascular function, and remodeling through cargo transfer. Stem cell-derived and engineered EVs hold potential for myocardial repair, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and cardiovascular therapy. Conclusion: EV-mediated heart-organ communication represents an active regulatory mechanism rather than a passive consequence of cardiac injury. Understanding and engineering this network may provide a paradigm for developing precision nanomedicine strategies that target cardiovascular diseases as systemic disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.