Digging for meaningful connections: associations between root phenotypes and rhizosphere microbial diversity in maize.

Background and Aims: Drought threatens food security globally. Adaptive root phenotypes and microbiomes can improve maize ( Methods: We grew 22 maize inbred lines in the field under optimal water availability and drought imposed by excluding rain with rainout shelters. We quantified grain yield and measured root architectural and anatomical phenotypes on root crown and cross-section images obtained by laser ablation tomography, respectively. We characterized rhizosphere prokaryotic and fungal communities with DNA metabarcoding of ribosomal markers. Results: Rhizosphere microbial diversity predominantly associated with root anatomy rather than root architecture. Cortical parenchyma wall width explained 13.1% of the variance of the prokaryotic β-diversity and correlated with grain yield under control conditions. Under the same conditions, number of cortical cell files and metaxylem vessels explained 1.4%-2.1% of the variance of prokaryotic and fungal β-diversities. No effect of the root phenotypes was observed under drought. We found 248 significant correlations between microbial taxa abundances and root anatomical phenotypes, especially cortex-related phenotypes such as number of cell files and living cortical area. Overall, a greater number of correlations was found under control conditions. Conclusion: We identified root phenotypes explaining a small but significant percentage of the variance of the microbial β-diversity, mostly under optimal water availability. We showed that especially root anatomy is associated with rhizosphere microbial diversity in field-grown maize. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08822-y.