Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42670211›Full record

ArticleAnalytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam)2026

Midkine and CA9 Are Potential Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Tumours.

Jorge Choque, Aparicio Aguilar, Javier Enciso-Benavides, Nancy Rojas-Moran, Nathaly Enciso, Carlos Castañeda Altamirano, Miluska Castillo, Luis Alfaro, Javier Enciso

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jorge ChoqueRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.
Aparicio AguilarRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3802-0864
Javier Enciso-BenavidesStem Cell Laboratory, Enciso Veterinary Clinic, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-1940
Nancy Rojas-MoranElectron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru, unmsm.edu.pe.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6451-134X
Nathaly EncisoRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-4002
Carlos Castañeda AltamiranoRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6200-0856
Miluska CastilloNational Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, Lima, Peru.
Luis AlfaroRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-2313
Javier EncisoRegenerative Medicine Group, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-7329

Funding

Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica 104-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AVUniversidad Científica del Sur
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThere is no specific therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and the recurrence rate is high. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer chemoresistance and metastasis, but there is no consensus marker in this type of cancer. The aim of this study was to identify CSC biomarkers in the plasma secretome of TNBC patients.

methodsCD44+/CD24- CSCs were isolated from MDA-MB-436 and MDA-MB-231 (ATCC) lines by magnetic immunoselection. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) of CSCs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of conditioned medium (CM) without fetal bovine serum (FBS) and blood plasma from TNBC and healthy women. Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 identified the EVs, while electron microscopy determined the morphology and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) established particle size. Luminex technology was used to determine the presence of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), mesothelin, midkine, hepsin, kallikrein-6 (KLK6), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (ALDH1A1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and differentiation cluster 44 (CD44).

resultsParticles of 0-200 nm in size were more frequent in CSC-MDA-MB-436, while particles of 201-500 nm were more frequent in CSC-MDA-MB-231. In blood plasma, the particle size was 150-250 nm in TNBC patients and 150-300 nm in healthy individuals. Particle concentrations were 1.3 × 10

conclusionsThe size and concentration of EVs are heterogeneous. Midkine and CA9 are produced by CSCs in women with TNBC and may be possible biomarkers of these cells in this tumour type.

Indexed as

Antigens, NeoplasmBiomarkers, TumorCarbonic Anhydrase IXMidkineNeoplastic Stem CellsTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsCell Line, TumorExtracellular VesiclesFemaleHumansMDA-MB-231 CellsSecretomeAntigens, NeoplasmBiomarkers, TumorCA9 protein, humanCarbonic Anhydrase IXMidkinebiomarkerCA9cancer stem cellsmidkinesecretometriple-negative breast cancer

Identifiers

PMID42670211
PMCPMC13527379

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.