Regulating Cells Fate and Function to Facilitate Bone Regeneration via Designing Programmable Bio-Interactive Materials.

Achieving efficient bone repair necessitates a thorough understanding of the physiological activities of native bone tissue, enabling selection and design of appropriate materials. To date, artificial scaffolds have been developed from inert materials to bioactive materials and demonstrate the capabilities to promote bone repair. However, the complex physiological changes that occur during bone repair pose significant challenges to their practical clinical applications. In this Review, we summarize the studies of bone biology and the evolution of materials design in the context of bone-tissue engineering applications. Specifically, we emphasize the role of biomaterials from a materials science perspective in regulating cell fates. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of programmable bio-interactive materials as a potential solution for bone regeneration. These materials possess the ability to dynamically and precisely interact with biological systems, guiding the bone-tissue regeneration process. Additionally, we discuss the unmet needs and current challenges faced in the development of bio-interactive materials for bone-tissue regeneration. By highlighting emerging strategies in the field, we aim to shed light on future directions for research and development in this exciting area of study.