Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42668489›Full record

ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence reports2026

Variations in the viral hepatitis C prevalence and treatment status by material hardship and cumulative risk among people who inject drugs.

Sid S Ganesh, Daniel R Trigo, Rebecca P Smeltzer, Cassandra Ward, Gilbert A Orta Portillo, Karina Dominguez Gonzalez, Srehith Sannareddy, Bradley T Conner, Ricky N Bluthenthal

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Drug and alcohol dependence reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Sid S GaneshDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Daniel R TrigoDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Rebecca P SmeltzerDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Cassandra WardDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Gilbert A Orta PortilloDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Karina Dominguez GonzalezDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Srehith SannareddyDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Bradley T ConnerDepartment of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Ricky N BluthenthalDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Southern California Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001855 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Thomas A Buchanan, Michele D. Kipke · 2016 to 2026
$81.3M
Cannabis use and health outcomes among opioid-using people who inject drugs in the context of cannabis legalizationR01DA046049 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BLUTHENTHAL, RICKY N, CORSI, KAREN F · 2019 to 2022
$2.6M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA046049
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

People who inject drugs (PWID) are disproportionately impacted by viral hepatitis C (HCV). Among PWID, homelessness, poverty, and material insecurity elevate infectious disease risk. We hypothesized a positive association between material hardship (difficulty accessing basic needs) and lifetime diagnosis of HCV, and a negative association between cumulative risk (material hardship and years since first injection) and HCV treatment. From 2021-22, we conducted a survey among community-recruited PWID that included items on HCV outcomes, material hardship (a sum score of usually (4) to never (1) having difficulty finding food, clothing, shelter, restrooms, and showers in the past 3 months), and years since injection drug use initiation. We developed a latent variable, cumulative risk, by combining individual scores of material hardship indicators and years since first injection drug use. Among our sample of PWID (n = 471), 246 (53%) participants reported lifetime HCV diagnosis and 27% of those who tested positive for HCV reported ever or current treatment (n = 67). In modified-Poisson regression, a one-unit increase in material hardship score was associated with a 3% (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01%, 1.05%) increase in odds of HCV diagnosis. In latent modeling, among PWID testing positive for HCV, a one-unit increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 0.28 (OR: -0.28, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.06), decrease in the Z-score odds of receiving HCV treatment. Findings emphasize structural interventions to strengthen material security and co-delivering basic needs with health services to improve HCV-related outcomes among PWID.

Indexed as

Harm reductionHCVImmiserationMaterial hardshipPeople who inject drugs

Identifiers

PMID42668489
PMCPMC13524622

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.